PP

ʻO Polypropylene (PP), kamaa no hoi polypropene, a mea ʻeleʻele polymer i hoʻohana i loko o kahi ākea o nā noi e komo Kāohi a me ka hoʻopili ʻana, nā kāwili (ka mea, nā kaula, ka lole wai wela me nā kākela), ka hale waihona pahu, nā ʻāpana ʻili a me nā mea hoʻohana hou ʻia o nā ʻano like ʻole, nā pūnaka pono ʻole, nā leo kīwaha, nā mīkini automotive, a me nā polima polimera. ʻO kahi polymer i hana ʻia mai ka monomer propylene, ua ʻāhewa ʻia a i ʻole kūlohelohe ʻole ʻia i nā solvents kemika, kumu a me nā waikawa.

Ma 2013, ua lilo ka mākeke honua no ka polypropylene ma kahi o 55 miliona mau metric tons.

Nā inoa
Inoa IUPAC: poly (propene)
ʻO kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe: Polypropylene; Poleleka; Polipropene 25 [USAN]; ʻO nā polina kōleka; ʻO nā polilela kūloko; 1 — Ka wānana
Nā mea ʻike
Kāleka CAS	9003-07-0
Nā Kuleana
Keʻano mea lāʻau	(C3H6)n
nuʻa	0.855 g / cm3, hui nui 0.946 g / cm3, kristana koa
ʻO ka helu kau	130 a 171 ° C (266 a 340 ° F; 403 a 444 K)
Ma waho aʻe o kahi ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻike no nā mea i loko o kā lākou kūlana ʻona (ma 25 ° C [77 ° F], 100 kPa).

Nā kumuwaiwai a me nā ʻano pilikino

ʻO ka Polypropylene ma nā ʻano like ʻole me ka polyethylene, keu hoʻi i ka hana hoʻonā a me nā pono uila. Hoʻonui ka hui methyl i kēia manawa i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa wela, ʻoiai ke emi nei ke kūpaʻa kemika. Pili nā waiwai o ka polypropylene i ke kaupaona o ka mole mole a me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ke kaupaona, crystallinity, ʻano a me ka likelike o ka comonomer (inā hoʻohana ʻia) a me ka iso tactility.

Mechanical waiwai

ʻO ka palena o PP ma waena o 0.895 a me 0.92 g / cm³. No laila, ʻo PP nō ka ʻōmole palani me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, mau ʻāpana me ke kaumaha o nā mea haʻahaʻa a me nā hapa he nui o kekahi pahu palupalu e hiki ke hana. ʻAʻole e like me ka polyethylene, ka crystalline a me nā wahi amorphous e liʻiliʻi wale i ko lākou momona. Eia naʻe, hiki i ka loli o ka polyethylene ke loli nui me nā hoʻopiha.

ʻO ka modulus o ka ʻōpio o PP ma waena o 1300 a me 1800 N / mm².

He maʻamau a paʻakikī a maʻalahi ka polypropylene, ʻoiai inā copolymerized me etylene. ʻAe kēia e hāʻawi i ka polypropylene i lilo i ʻano ʻenehana uila, hoʻokūkū me nā mea like e like me acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). He kumu kūpono ka polypropylene.

He kū maikaʻi ka polypropylene i ka luhi.

ʻO nā waiwai waiʻala

Aia ke kiko hoʻoheheʻe o polypropylene ma kahi pae, no laila hoʻoholo ʻia kahi kiko hoʻoheheʻe e ka loaʻa ʻana o ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka pakuhi kalorimetry ʻimi ʻokoʻa. Loaʻa kahi isotactic PP hemolele i 171 ° C (340 ° F). ʻO ka PP isotactic pāʻoihana kahi kiko hoʻoheheʻe e kū ana mai 160 a 166 ° C (320 a 331 ° F), e hilinaʻi ana i nā mea atactic a me ka crystallinity. ʻO Syndiotactic PP me kahi crystallinity o 30% kahi kiko hoʻoheheʻe o 130 ° C (266 ° F). Ma lalo 0 ° C, lilo ka PP i mea palupalu.

ʻO ka hoʻonui nui o ka polypropylene i nui nui, akā i kaomi no ka polyethylene.

Nā meaʻokoʻa

Aia ka Polypropylene i ka mahana wela e pale i nā momona a kokoke i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe, ʻokoʻa nā oxidants ikaika. Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā waikawa non-oxidizing a me nā waihona i nā ipu i hana ʻia e PP. I ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke hoʻonā ʻia ʻo PP i nā mea hoʻoliʻiliʻi polarity haʻahaʻa (e like me xylene, tetralin a me decalin). Ma muli o ke kolamu o ke kalapona ʻelima PP he mea liʻiliʻi ia ma mua o ka PE (e nānā i ke kānāwai Markovnikov).

ʻO ka hapa nui i ka polypropylene isotactic a he ʻano waena o ka crystallinity ma waena o kēlā polyethylene haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (LDPE) a polyethylene kiʻekiʻe-kala (HDPE). Hoʻololi ʻia ʻo Isotactic & Atactic polypropylene i ka P-xylene ma ka 140 kekelē centigrade. Pīpī ka Isotactic ke hoʻomaʻalili ʻia ka hopena i 25 kekelē centigrade & ʻāpana atactic e hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma P-xylene.

ʻO ke ana kahe o ka hoʻoheheʻe (MFR) a i ʻole ka helu hoʻoheheʻe melt (MFI) kahi ana o ka mole mole o polypropylene. Kōkua ke ana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka maʻalahi o ka kahe ʻana o ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā o ka hana. ʻO ka Polypropylene me ka MFR kiʻekiʻe e hoʻopihapiha i ka palolo palika ma ka maʻalahi i ka hana o ka hoʻopiʻi Ke piʻi aʻe nei ke kahe o ka hoʻoheheʻe, eia nō naʻe, e emi kekahi mau waiwai o ke kino, e like me ka ikaika o ka hopena. ʻEkolu mau ʻano laulā o polypropylene: homopolymer, random copolymer, a me block copolymer. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka mea aloha me ka ethylene. Hoʻohui ʻia ka Ethylene-propylene rubber a i ʻole EPDM i polyopropylene homopolymer e hoʻonui i ka ikaika o ka mahana wela. Hoʻohui like ʻia me ka polymerized ethylene monomer i hoʻohui ʻia i ka homopolymer polypropylene e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka crystallinity polymer, hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kiko hoʻoheheʻe a hana i ka polima e ʻike pono.

Pauki

Hiki i ka Polypropylene ke hoʻopili i ke kaulahao mai ka hōʻike ʻana i ka wela a me ka radiation UV e like me ka mea i loaʻa i ka lā. Hana pinepine ʻia ka oxidation ma ka atti carbon carbon i kēia manawa i kēlā me kēia anakuhi. Hoʻokumu ʻia kahi radical manuahi ma aneʻi, a laila hana hou me ka oxygen, a ukali ʻia e ka scission kaulahao e hāʻawi i nā aldehydes a me nā waikawa carboxylic. I nā polokalamu kūwaho, hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pūnaewele o nā māwae maikaʻi a me nā crazes i lilo i hohonu a ʻoi aku ka nui me ka manawa o ka hōʻike. No nā polokalamu kūwaho, pono e hoʻohana i nā mea hoʻopili UV-komo i loko. Hāʻawi pū kekahi ʻo Carbon ʻeleʻele i kahi pale mai ka hoʻouka UV. Hiki ke oxidized ʻia ka polymer ma nā mahana wela, kahi pilikia maʻamau i ka hana moʻo ʻana. Hoʻohui maʻamau ʻia nā anti-oxidants i mea e pale aku ai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa polymer. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaiāulu microbial mai nā laʻana lepo i kāwili ʻia me ka starch e hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka polypropylene. Ua hōʻike ʻia ʻo Polypropylene e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka wā o ke kino o ke kanaka e like me nā hāmeʻa implantable mesh. Hana nā mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kahi papa lāʻau e like me ka lāʻau ma ka ʻili o nā olonā hei.

Nā mea leʻaleʻa

Hiki i ka PP ke hana i ka translucent ke pale ʻole ʻia akā ʻaʻole naʻe like ia me ka mea i maʻa ʻia e like me ka polistyrene, acrylic, a me nā mea hana paha. Hoʻokele pinepine ʻia a kala ʻula ʻole ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā puaʻa.

mō'aukala

ʻO Phillips Petroleum chemists ʻo J. Paul Hogan lāua ʻo Robert L. Banks i propylene polymerized mua i ka makahiki 1951. Ua polymerized mua ʻia ʻo Propylene i kahi polymer isotactic crystalline na Giulio Natta a ʻo ka mea kemika Kelemania ʻo Karl Rehn i Malaki 1954. ʻO kēia ʻike paionia i alakaʻi ʻia i ka nui- ka hana pālākiō ʻana o ka isotactic polypropylene e ka hui ʻItalia Montecatini mai 1957 a hala. ʻO Syndiotactic polypropylene kahi i hana mua ʻia e Natta a me kāna mau hoa hana.

ʻO Polypropylene ka lua o ka palepalole nui loa me nā uku he i manaʻo ʻia e ʻoi aku ma mua o US $ 145 bililana e 2019. ʻO ke kūʻai aku o kēia mau waiwai e wānana e ulu i ka 5.8% i kēlā me kēia makahiki a hiki i 2021.

Kuhi

ʻO kahi manaʻo nui ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka polypropylene a me kāna mau waiwai, ka naʻauao. ʻO ka pilina pili pili o kēlā me kēia hui methyl (CH
3 ma ke kiʻi) e pili ana i nā hui methyl ma nā hui monomer kokoke e loaʻa ka hopena ikaika i ka hiki i ka polymer ke hana i nā aniani.

Hiki i kahi catalie Ziegler-Natta ke kaohi i ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā mole mole i kahi hoʻonohonoho maʻamau maʻamau, a i ʻole isotactic, ke hoʻonoho ʻia nā hui methyl ma ka ʻaoʻao like e pili ana i ka iwi ʻaoʻao o ka kaulahao polymer, a i ʻole syndiotactic, ke kū nā kūlana o ka hoʻololi nā hui methyl. Hana ʻia ka polypropylene isotactic i kūʻai ʻia me ʻelua ʻano o nā catalist Ziegler-Natta. Hoʻopili ka hui mua o nā catal i nā catalst paʻa (kākoʻo nui ʻia) a me kekahi ʻano o nā catalst metallocene soluble. ʻO kēlā me kēia isotactic macromolecules ʻōwili i loko o kahi ʻano helical; a laila laina aʻe kēia mau mea pili i kekahi i kekahi e hana i nā aniani e hāʻawi i ka isotactic polypropylene lehulehu o kāna mau waiwai i makemake ʻia.

ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe metallocene catalysts e hoʻopuka i ka polypropylene syndiotactic. Hoʻokaʻa ʻia kēia mau macromolecules i loko o nā helice (o kekahi ʻokoʻa) a hana i nā mea ʻenehana crystalline.

Ke hōʻike nei nā pūʻulu methyl i kahi kaulina polypropylene i ʻole makemake ʻia i ka orientation like ʻole, ua kapa ʻia nā polym atactic. ʻO ka polypropylene Atactic he mea kila rubberor amorphous. Hiki ke hana i nā mea kalepa a me kekahi ʻano ʻano kālai ʻia ʻē aʻe Ziegler-Natta catalyst a me kekahi mau metallocene catalysts.

Kākoʻo kākoʻo ʻia ʻo Ziegler-Natta i kēia mau wā no ka polymerization o propylene a me nā mea 1-alkenes e hoʻopili ai i nā polime isotactic e hoʻohana pinepine. TiCl
4 me kahi mea ulu he mau a MgCl
2 ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo. Hoʻopili pū nā catalist i nā mea hoʻohiwahiwaola, nā esters acid aromat a me nā diesters a me nā ether paha. Hoʻoikaika ʻia kēia mau catalista me nā cocatalstist kūikawā i loaʻa kahi hui organoaluminum e like me Al (C₂H₅)₃ a me ke ʻano o ka modifier. Hoʻololi ʻia nā mākeke i ke kaʻina hana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohalike me nā pakanal caters mai MgCl₂ a ke kaukaʻi ʻia nei i ka ʻano o nā mea loli meaola i hoʻohana ʻia i ka manawa o ka hoʻomākaukau hoʻomalu a hoʻohana i nā hopena polymerization. ʻElua mau ʻano ʻenehana koʻikoʻi o nā catalst kākoʻo āpau nā huahana kiʻekiʻe a me kahi hapa nui o ka polymer isotactic polymer a lākou e hana ai ma 70-80 ° C ma lalo o nā kūlana polymerization maʻamau. Lawe pinepine ʻia ka synthesive kalepa o isotactic polypropylene ma ke ʻano o ka propylene wai a i ʻole i nā reactors kinoea.

Ke lawe ʻia nei ka hoʻonaninani kalepa o ka polypropylene syndiotactic me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi papa kūikawā o nā catallocene. Hoʻohana lākou i nā mea paʻakikī o nā keki konmallallene o ke ʻano alahaka- (Cp₁) (Cp₂) ZrCl₂ kahi o ka Cp ligand mua i ka hui cyclopentadienyl, ʻo ka lua o ka Cp ligand ka hui o ka fluorenyl, a me ke alahaka ma waena o nā kalima Cp roa he -CH₂-CH₂-,> SiMe₂, a i ʻole> SiPh₂. Hoʻohuli ʻia kēia mau mea paʻakikī i nā catalist polymerization ma o ka hoʻoulu ʻana iā lākou me kahi cococatal organoaluminum kūikawā, methylaluminoxane (MAO).

ʻŌnaehana ʻōnaehana

Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻekolu mau kaʻina hana i koho ai i nā ala kūpono e hana ai i ka polypropylene.

ʻO ka slurry hydrocarbon a i ʻole hoʻokuʻu ʻia: Hoʻohana i ka wai diluent hydrocarbon wai i loko o ka mea hana e hoʻomaʻemaʻe ai i ka hoʻoili ʻana o propylene i ka catalyst, ka hoʻohemo ʻana o ka wela mai ka ʻōnaehana, ka deactivation / lawe ʻana i ka catalyst me ka hōʻole ʻana i ka polymer atactic. Loaʻa ka palena o nā helu e hiki ai ke hoʻopuka ʻia. (Ke hāʻule ka ʻenehana i ka ʻona).

ʻAkahi (a i ʻole punia paha ka punawai): Hoʻohana i ka propylene wai ma mua o kahi waika wai inert hydrocarbon. ʻAʻole hoʻoheheʻe ka polymer i kahi mea diluent, akā holo kahele i ka propylene wai. Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka polymer i kūkulu ʻia a aia kahi monomer i hoʻopaʻa ʻole ʻia e hemo aku.

Ka hana wana: Hoʻohana i ka propylene gaseous i ka pilina me ka catalyst solid, e hopena ana i kahi mehana-bedized bed.

Manufacturing

Hiki ke hoʻokō i nā kaʻina haʻahaʻa o ka polypropylene ma o ka extrusion a mōlina. ^ E Ha yM. ʻO nā ala o ka extrusion maʻamau ka hoʻolana ʻana o ka melt-blown a me nā spun-bond fibers e hana i nā ʻōwili lōʻihi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka wā e hiki mai ana i nā ʻano huahana like ʻole, e like me nā masks maka, nā kānana, nā diapers a me nā holoi holoi.

ʻO ka faiga hoʻohana maʻamau hana hoʻoheheʻeʻia, i hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻāpana e like me nā kīʻoki, nā ʻokiʻoki, nā pākuʻi, nā pale, nā pahu, nā mea pono ʻole o nā hale, a me nā ʻāpana e like me nā pā. Nā pili pili o uapo kikoho a hoʻonāukiuki-mika no ke kauā hoʻohana pū ʻia, kahi e pili ai i ka extrusion a me ke kūlike.

ʻO ka nui o nā noi hoʻohana no ka polypropylene i hiki ke neʻe pinepine ma muli o ka hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā helu me nā molekula a me nā mea hoʻohui i ka wā o kāna hana. No ka hana la, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia i nā hoʻohui a antistatic e kōkua i nā polypropylene i ka papa e pale i ka lepo a me ka lepo. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano loiloi pilikino nui i ka polypropylene, e like me ka machining. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻihoʻi i ka wahi i nā wahi polypropylene i mea e hoʻolaha ai i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea paʻi me ka pena.

Hoʻololi ka Biaxially polypropylene (BOPP)

Ke kiʻi ʻia ke kiʻi polypropylene a kiʻi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao o ka mīkini a me ka ʻaoʻao o ka mīkini i kapa ʻia polypropylene i hoʻolālā ʻia i mua. ^ E Ha yM. Hoʻonui ka Biaxial orientation i ka ikaika a me ka mālamalama. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka BOPP ma ke ʻano he kīʻaha māpiha no nā huahana kemo e like me ka meaʻai kīkē, nā huahana hou a me ka confectionery. He maʻa maʻalahi ke kapa, paʻi a laminate e hāʻawi i ke ʻano e pono ai a me nā waiwai no ka hoʻohana ʻana ma ke ʻano he ʻokiʻoki. ʻO kēia kaʻina hana i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana. Hoʻolahalaha ia ma loko o nā ʻōwili nui i ʻoki ʻia i nā mīkini wīwī i loko o nā ʻili liʻiliʻi no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mīkini pale.

Hoʻohui kamaʻilio

Me ka hoʻonui nui o ka hana e pono ai no ka maikaʻi o polypropylene i nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻano manaʻo a me nā hakakā i loko o ke kaʻina hana no polypropylene.

Aia ma kahi he ʻelua mau kuhikuhi no nā ʻano kikoʻī. ʻO kekahi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūlike o nā ʻokoʻa polimerika i hoʻohana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka reakō type hāneʻa, a ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻoili ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana polymer i hana ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana me kahi liʻiliʻi puʻali hoʻokaʻawale.

noi

ʻO ke kūpaʻa ʻana o ka polypropylene i ka momona, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā haki ʻili pepa, e like me nā mea ma luna o nā huki flip-top, i hana ʻia mai kēia kumuwaiwai. Eia nō naʻe, he mea pono e hōʻoia ka hoʻonohonoho pono ʻana o nā molekika mekala ma waena o ka huakaʻi e hoʻonui nui ai ka ikaika.

Hoʻohana ʻia nā pepa lahilahi loa (~ 2-20 µm) o polypropylene ma ke ʻano he dielectric ma waena o nā pulse hana kiʻekiʻe a me nā capacitors RF hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka Polypropylene i nā ʻōnaehana paipu hana; pili nā mea ʻelua i ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā mea i hoʻolālā ʻia no ka ikaika a me ka ʻoʻoleʻa (e laʻa me nā mea i manaʻo ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka plumbing potable, hoʻomehana hydronic a me ke anuanu, a me ka wai i kiʻi hou ʻia. Koho pinepine ʻia kēia mea no ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka corrosion a me ka leaching kemika, kona kūpaʻa ʻana i ka nui o nā ʻano o ka hōʻino kino, e like me ka hopena a me ke kūpikipiki, nā pono o ke kaiapuni, a me kona hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e ka fusion heat ma mua o ke kāpili ʻana.

He nui nā huahana plastik no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau olakino a hoʻohana paha i nā polypropylene no ka mea hiki ke kūpaʻa i ka wela i kahi autoclave. ʻO kona pale wela hiki nō i ka hoʻohana ʻia me ke ʻano mea e hana ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā meheʻa a ka mea kūʻai aku. Nā ipu wai i hana ʻia mai ia mea ʻaʻole ia e rewa i loko o ka pā holoi, ʻaʻole e meli i ka wā o ke kaʻina hoʻopiha wela. No kēia kumu, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā puna wai hoʻomehana no ka huahana pākana ua polypropylene i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me ka alumini foil (ʻo nā mea ʻelua e mālama i ka wela). Ma hope o ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka huahana, ua hāʻawi ʻia nā ʻōpala i nā lids i hana ʻia i kahi mea pale ʻole ʻia o ka wela, e like me LDPE a i ʻole polystyrene. Hāʻawi ʻia kēlā mau ipu maikaʻi i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi o ka ʻokoʻa i ka modulus, ʻoiai ua ʻike ʻia ka LDPE (ʻoi ka palupalu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka LDPE e pili ana i ka polypropylene o ka mānoanoa like o ka ʻike maʻamau. ʻO nā ʻeke a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia i nā pahu mai nā ʻoihana like ʻole e like me Rubbermaid a me Sterilite, ua hana pinepine ʻia nā polypropylene, ʻoiai nā pālima i hana ʻia i nā LDPE maʻalahi a hiki iā lākou ke nānā aku i nā pahu e pani ai. Hiki ke hana ʻia ka polypropylene i loko o nā ipu wai hiki ke lawe i ka wai, inu, a i ʻole nā ​​mea huahana like, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka HDPE a me ka polyethylene terephthalate e hana i nā hue. ʻO nā paila plastik, nā pā hale kaʻa, nā wai ʻole, nā pahu wai lapaʻau paʻa, nā mea hoʻuanū maloʻo, nā kīʻaha a me nā pitler i hana pinepine ʻia i ka polypropylene a i ʻole HDPE, nā mea like like me nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole, ka manaʻo, a me nā waiwai i ke ʻano wela.

He hana maʻamau no ka polypropylene e like me ka polypropylene oriented biaxially (BOPP). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau pepa BOPP e hana i nā laulā he nui i komo pū ʻia me nā ʻeke paʻa. Ke hoʻokūkū ʻia ka polypropylene, a laila e ʻōloʻomaʻo ana ke aniani a lilo ia i mea maikaʻi loa i kālai ʻia no nā mea hana.

Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka Polypropylene, ka ʻulaʻula loa, i ka hana ʻana i nā kapeta, nā pū me nā māla e hoʻohana ʻia ma ka home.

Hoʻohana ākea ʻia ʻo Polypropylene i nā kaula, ʻokoʻa ma muli o ka māmā o lākou e lana i ka wai. No ka nui o ka nui a me ke kūkulu ʻana, like ke kaula polypropylene i ka ikaika i ke kaula polyester. ʻOi aku ka uku o Polypropylene ma mua o ka nui o nā olonā synthetic.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka polypropylene e like me ke koho hou aku i ka polyvinyl chloride (PVC) i ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i nā kelepona uila no ka lela LSZH i nā kahe haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku nā kaila. ʻO ia no ka mea, he hoʻoheheʻe liʻiliʻi i ka uahi a ʻaʻohe nā halogens waiʻona, hiki ke hana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka waikawa i nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe.

Hoʻohana pū ʻia ka polypropylene i nā membing roofing okoa ka papakū o ka peʻe wai ʻole o nā ʻōnaehana ply hoʻokahi a kūpaʻa ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana like-hoʻololi.

Hoʻohana pinepine ka polypropylene no nā pani polū, kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi pola i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hana i nā ʻano paʻakikī i ke kumu haʻahaʻa a me nā kiʻekiʻe; ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona kiko, nā hue, nā ipu, a me nā kumu.

Hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia i kahi pepa, hoʻohana ākea ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā waihona mea kākau, ʻūlū, a me nā pahu waihona. ʻO ka laulā o ke kala ākea, ka lōʻihi, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka lepo e kūpono ia ma ke ʻano he uhi pale no nā pepa a me nā pono ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā stickers o Rubik Cube ma muli o kēia mau ʻano.

Loaʻa i ka sheet polypropylene i hāʻawi ʻia i kahi manawa no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuhana e nā mea hoʻolālā. ʻO ka paona māmā, paʻa, a me ka waihoʻoluʻu i hana ʻia i ke ala kūpono loa no ka hana ʻana i nā kukui kukui, a ua hoʻomohala ʻia i nā kumumanaʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā māhele interlocking e hana i nā hoʻolālā laea.

ʻO nā pepa polypropylene kahi koho maʻamau no nā ʻili kāleka kālepa; hele mai kēia me nā pōpoki (ʻeiwa no nā kāleka nui-maʻamau) no nā kāleka e hoʻokau ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia no ka pale ʻana i ko lākou kūlana a ke manaʻo nei e mālama i loko o kahi paʻa.

ʻO ka polypropylene i hoʻonui ʻia (EPP) i ke ʻano kumu o polypropylene. ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka EPP i nā hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi loa ma muli o kona nāwaliwali haʻahaʻa; hiki kēia i ka EPP ke hoʻomau i kona ʻano ma hope o nā hopena. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo EPP i ka mokulele hoʻohālike a me nā kaʻa ʻē aʻe e hoʻokele ʻia e nā mea hoʻohua. ʻO kēia ma muli o kona hiki ke komo i nā hopena, e hana ana i kēia mea kūpono no nā mokulele RC no nā poʻe hoʻomaka a me nā amateurs.

Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Polypropylene i ka hana ʻana i nā anakahi uila nui. Hoʻomaka ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana e nā ʻenekini ma ka BBC a me nā kuleana pili i hope i kūʻai ʻia e Mission Electronics no ka hoʻohana ʻana i kā lākou Mission Freedom Loudspeaker a me ka mikahū leo nui ʻo 737 Renaissance

Hoʻohana ʻia nā olonā polypropylene ma ke ʻano he hoʻohui hoʻohui paʻa e hoʻonui ai i ka ikaika a hoʻēmi i ka hāhā a me ka spalling. I nā wahi maʻalahi i ke ōlaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, Kaleponi, hoʻohui ʻia nā olonā PP me nā lepo e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka ikaika o ka lepo a hoʻomālū i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kahua o nā hale e like me nā hale, nā alahaka, a pēlā aku.

Hoʻohana ʻia ka polypropylene i nā pahu polypropylene.

lole

ʻO Polypropylene kahi polymer nui i hoʻohana ʻia i nā nonwovens, me ʻoi aku ma mua o 50% i hoʻohana ʻia no nā diapeka a i ʻole nā ​​huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kahi e mālama ʻia ai e omo i ka wai (hydrophilic) ma mua o ka hoʻohuli maoli ʻana i ka wai (hydrophobic). Hoʻohana nā hana hoihoi ʻole ʻē aʻe me nā kānana no ka lewa, ke kinoea, a me nā wai i hiki ke hana ʻia nā olonā i mau ʻāpana a i ʻole nā ​​pūnaewele e hiki ke ʻoluʻolu e hana i nā cartridges a i nā papa e kānana i nā pono like ʻole ma ka pae 0.5 a 30 micrometre. Hana ʻia ia ʻano noi i nā hale e like me nā kānana wai a i ʻole nā ​​kānana ʻano air-conditioning. ʻO ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe a me nā nonophole oleophilic polypropylene nonwovens kūpono no nā mea lawe i nā aila a me nā mea lana i kū a kokoke i nā kahe o ka aila ma nā kahawai.

Polypropylene, a i ʻole 'polypro', i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā papa anu anuanu, e like me nā pālule lole lōʻihi a i ʻole ka lole lōʻihi. Hoʻohana pū ʻia ʻo Polypropylene i nā lole wā mahana, kahi e lawe ai i ka hou mai ka ʻili. Hou aku nei, Ua hoʻololiʻo polyester i ka polypropylene i kēia mau noi ma ka pūʻali koa US, e like me ka ECWCS. ʻOiai ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka lole polypropylene, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoheheʻe, kahi e hopena ai i ka wela nui inā pili ka mea lawe i kahi pahū a ahi paha o kēlā me kēia ʻano. ʻIke ʻia nā kapa lalo polypropylene no ka mālama ʻana i nā pilau o ke kino a laila paʻakikī e hemo. ʻAʻohe o kēia hemahema o ka hanauna polyester.

Ua hoʻoponopono kekahi mau hoʻolālā hoʻolālā i ka polypropylene e hana i nā mea nani a me nā mea hiki ke maʻalahi.

'inikua

ʻO kāna hoʻohana lapaʻau maʻamau maʻamau i ka synthetic, nonabsorbable suture Prolene.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka polypropylene i ka hernia a me ka pelvic organ prolaps hana e pale ai i ka pale o ka kino mai nā hernias hou ma ka wahi like. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pā liʻiliʻi ma luna o ka wahi o ka hernia, ma lalo iho o ka ʻili, a ʻaʻole ʻeha a ʻano ʻole, inā paha, i hōʻole ʻia e ke kino. Akā, e kāohi ka polypropylene mesh i ka kiko e hoʻopuni ana iā ia ma luna o ka loaʻa ʻole o ka manawa i kekahi mau makahiki. No laila, ua hoʻopuka ka FDA i nā ʻōkuhi he nui e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau polypropylene mesh no kekahi mau noi ʻana i ka prolaps organ pelvic, i ka wā i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka pili kokoke i ka pā vaginal ma muli o ka hoʻomau pinepine ʻana i ka nui o nā hiʻona mesh-pana i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea maʻi. i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. ʻO ka mea i hala loa aku nei, ma ka 3 Ianuali 2012, ua kauoha ka FDA iā 35 mea hana i kēia mau huahana mesh e noiʻi i nā hopena ʻaoʻao o kēia mau mea hana.

I ka hoʻomaka mua ʻana i ka hina, ua loaʻa i ka polypropylene e hoʻoheʻe ʻia i ke kino. Kūkulu ʻia ka mea hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ʻā like ʻole o ka iwi puhaluhi a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.

Mokulele mokulele EPP

Mai ka 2001, ke loaʻa nei ka lehulehu i nā polopropylene (EPP) hoʻonui ʻia i ka kaulana a me ka noi ʻana ma ke ʻano he mea kūkulu i ka mokulele hoʻokele lekiō hobbyist. ʻAʻole like me ka polystyrene foam (EPS) hoʻonui ʻia a maʻalahi a haki maʻalahi i ka hopena, hiki i ka EPP foam ke hoʻopili maikaʻi i nā hopena kinetic me ka ʻole o ka haki, mālama i kona ʻano kumu, a hōʻike i nā ʻano hoʻomanaʻo memo e ʻae iā ia e hoʻi i kona ʻano maoli i manawa pōkole. A ʻo kahi hopena, kahi hiʻohiʻona hoʻokele lekiō nona nā ʻeheu a me nā ʻūlili i kūkulu ʻia mai ka hua EPP ʻoi loa ke kūpaʻa, a hiki ke omo i nā hopena e hopena ai i ka luku piha ʻana o nā hiʻohiʻona i hana ʻia mai nā mea hana kuʻuna māmā, e like me ka balsa a i ʻole nā ​​hua uila EPS ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona EPP, ke uhi ʻia me nā lipine fiberglass inexpensive i hoʻopili ʻia me nā lipine pilikino, e hōʻike pinepine i ka ikaika mechanical i hoʻonui ʻia, me ka māmā a me ka hoʻopau o ka papa e hoʻokūkū ana i nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa nui ʻia ʻo EPP, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hoʻolaha like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻomehana wela ʻia ka EPP, a hiki ke hoʻopau maʻalahi i nā papa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana ʻoki a me nā pepa abrasive. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka hana ʻana i kahi i loaʻa ai ka EPP i ka ʻae ʻia nā ʻāpana o:

• Nāuea e lele ʻia e ka makani
• Pākuʻi uila hana kūloko uila kūloko
• Hoʻolaha nā lima i nā mākeke no nā keiki liʻiliʻi

I ke kahua o ka pali e piʻi i luna, ua loaʻa i ka EPP ka ʻoluʻolu nui a me ka hoʻohana, no ka mea e ʻae ia i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā lepili hoʻohālikelike i kāohi ʻia e ka lekiō o ka ikaika a me ka maneuverability. A ʻo ka hopena, ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa nā hoʻopaʻi o ka hakakā pali (ke kaʻina hana o ka poʻe hoʻokūkū aloha e kīkēkē i nā mokulele o kekahi me ka lewa ma o ka pili pololei ʻana) a me ka heihei pylon slope, ma muli o nā ʻano ikaika o ka EPP.

Kūkulu hale

I ka wā i hana hou ʻia ai ka halepule ma Tenerife, ʻo La Laguna Cathedral ma 2002-2014, ua hoʻohuli ʻo ia i nā hewa a me nā dome. No laila, ua luku nui ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana o ka hale, a ua hoʻololi ʻia e nā mea kūkulu i polypropylene. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia ma ka manawa mua i hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻikepili i kēia mehana i nā hale.

hoʻopōaiapuni

Hiki ke hana hou ʻia ka Polypropylene a loaʻa ka helu "5" i kāna pāʻālua inoa resin.

Hoʻololi

Hana ʻia nā mea he nui me ka polypropylene ma muli o ke kūpaʻa a kū ʻole i ka hapanui o nā kala me nā kelu. Eia kekahi, liʻiliʻi nā mea liʻiliʻi e loaʻa no ka gluing PP. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole e hoʻopili ʻia nā mea paʻa paʻa ʻole i ka pale i hiki i nā puʻupuʻu epoxy ʻelua ʻelua a i ʻole ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pū wela wela. He mea nui ia ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a he mea kōkua nui ia e hoʻopili i ka ʻili me kahi faila, pepa emery a i ʻole nā ​​mea waiwai ʻē aʻe e hoʻolako ai i kahi māla maikaʻi no ka lūlū. Manaʻo ʻia pū ʻia e hoʻomaʻemaʻe me nā ʻuhane minuke a i ʻole mea like wai ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka gluing e wehe i nā aila a i ʻole nā ​​mea laʻa. Makemake kekahi mau hoʻokolohua. Aia nō a loaʻa kekahi mau puolo ʻenehana i loaʻa no ka PP, akā hiki i kēia mau mea paʻakikī ke loaʻa, ʻoi aʻe ka hale kūʻai kūʻai.

Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo PP me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kaʻina hana wikiwiki. Me ka hoʻopili wikiwiki ʻana, ʻo ka welder ea, like me ka hao hoʻoheheʻe i ka helehelena a me ka wattage, ua hoʻokau ʻia me kahi paipu hānai no ka koʻokoʻo wili paleki. Hoʻomehana ka pihi wikiwiki i ke koʻokoʻo a me ka substrate, ʻoiai i ka manawa like kaomi i ke koʻokoʻo las i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke kūlana. Hoʻokomo ʻia kahi lei o nā palupalu palupalu i loko o ka ami, a me nā ʻāpana a me ka wili lāʻau. Me ka polypropylene, pono ke "koʻokoʻo" hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e "kāwili ʻia" me nā mea kumu semi-hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana ʻia a hoʻoponopono ʻia paha. ʻO kahi kiko "wikiwiki" wikiwiki he hao hao me kahi palahalaha, palahalaha e hiki ai ke hoʻohana e hoʻoheheʻe i ka hui weld a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha e hana i kahi paʻa.

Nā manaʻo pili olakino

Hoʻonohonoho ka Pūʻulu Hana ʻĀina i ka PP ma ke ʻano he haʻahaʻa a haʻahaʻa paha. Pope ʻia ʻo PP, ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kahi wai i kāna kala ʻana, ʻokoʻa i ka pulupulu.

I ka makahiki 2008, ua hoʻopiʻi nā mea noiʻi ma Kanada e ʻoki ana nā biocides amium quaternary a me ka oleamide i kekahi labeke polypropylene, e hoʻopiʻi ana i nā hopena hoʻokolohua. Ke hoʻohana ʻia nei ka polypropylene ma nā wahi ākea o nā mea ʻai e like me kēlā no ka ʻono, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e ka mea kūkākūkā olakino o Health Canada ʻo Paul Duchesne ke ʻano e ʻike ʻia ana ka ʻoihana e ʻike i nā hana e pono ai e pale i nā mea kūʻai aku.